House of Payne

SM Family Television Review The comedy show that my family and I enjoy watching is House of Payne, which airs on TBS every Friday at 8pm. â€Å"The Paynes are three generations living under one roof. The story begins when CJ and his family move into the house of his aunt and uncle, a fact that no one is really happy about. CJ has two children, and his aunt and uncle have very different ideas about raising kids. I think a lot of people will be able to relate to the Paynes†. (http://www. tbs. com/stories/story/0,, 107846,00. html). The show is based off real life issues that everyday families experience such as, drug addiction, teen pregnancy, sex, marriage, morals and values, and most of all trust. As, a 23 year old, mother, student, wife, daughter etc, I was able to quickly relate to a few things in the show. This family did impact my life on what family really was because, I always have been the one to just think of my immediate (Mom, Dad, Brothers, Grandma) when I heard the word family. Now, that things have been introduced to me from different perspective, I am now able to fully understand what family is all about. I realize that when I have no one else to count on, that my family is the last hope I have, and also understand that sometimes I may have disagreements with relatives, but its ok because as long as there is communication, nothing is to hard to overcome, All of these things are key points that House of Payne focus on. After watching this show consistently, it has had a very positive impact on me, my family, my marriage and my ability to raise my children at such a young age. Although, these actors, and actresses are acting, they are real people and majority are related, such as the main characters, Cassi and Lavan Davis, who are husband and wife in real life. I enjoy watch the way the reveal each message because they all have a valuable lesson that I learn. This television series is a Christian based show, so I think that is the reason I enjoy watching it so much. It is interesting because some days, I may feel at my worst and watching this show can easily be a inspiration to me. Expressing my feelings and saying how I felt have, also been another issue I’ve had problems with, and it also have taught me this as well. I believe that even a non-believer would enjoy watching this show because again, it’s real people, and they to know what it’s like to face certain situations. I feel that I can somewhat relate to this show because again, I am a young mother, married with children, living day by day , focusing on doing the right thing, despite what I see and hear around me. And sometimes, whether you’re old or young, this can be a challenge. House of Payne have messages for all ages, and they are very powerful messages!

Teacher locus of control

Environmental, social, political, and many other learner-external factors Interact in complex ways to determine learning outcomes. Moreover, the way learners observe the world has a great Influence over their educational achievements. Studies have shown that their sense of personal control over the educational process Is one of the most significant factors in arousing and maintaining individuals' interest and involvement in learning activities.This sense of personal control is known as Locus of control (LOC). Anhydrous, 2012, p. 123) LoC indicates how a person believes about control over life events; LoC refers to whether individuals relate their success or failure to their own behavior. Rooter proposed a continuum for LoC with Externalities and internalizes at the two opposing extremes. ‘Internalizes' feel personally responsible for everything that happens to them In their lives whereas ‘Externalities' believe that factors beyond their control determine what would happen In their lives. Anhydrous, 2012, p. 124) Rooter's (1966) social learning theory locus of control construct suggested that enrolling laws of learning as illustrated above Is a problematic procedure because the effect of rewards depends on how the person perceives a causal relationship between his or her behavior and the reward. If the person perceives a reward as contingent upon his or her own effort or ability (biz. , internal locus of control),then the occurrence of a reward will strengthen the likelihood of that behavior recurring.If he or she sees a reward as not contingent upon ability or effort, that is, as a result of luck, chance, fate, or powers beyond personal control (biz. , external locus of control), hen the preceding behavior is less likely to be strengthened by the presence of a reward (Rooter, 1966). In general, Rooter suggested that Individuals with an Internal locus of control would place greater value on contingent achievement-related rewards. Www, 2008,) Trusty a nd McCann (1995) suggested that under contingent reward conditions, subjects with an internal locus of control (I. E. , internals) desired more control over the procedures and types of tasks and performed better than did subjects with an external locus of control (I. E. , externals), whereas subjects with an external locus of intro desired more control over the types of tasks and performed better than did those with internal locus of control under incontinent reward conditions.Teachers have been seen as critical to the reform of the education sector and teacher development has been given high priority in the asses (Miller, 1999). Many teachers, administrators and policy-makers have been guided by the results of research and evaluation studies that suggested, according to Miller (1999, p. 63), that â€Å"teachers' abilities, teachers' knowledge of subject matter and teaching methods and teaching experience, along with small class sizes and the positive Influences of small schools, a re critical elements in successful student learning†. Ferguson, 1991: Ferguson & underway, Jamaica and other Caribbean countries had to deal with the growing problems associated with teachers' career decision-making of which the protracted problem of teacher attrition is an outcome; their teaching plans are of enormous interest in this complex process. Within the context of teaching, for example, an outcome expectation is illustrated by the teacher who believes that skillful instruction can offset the effects of an impoverished home environment.Here, efficacy is expressed not for oneself but, rather, for an abstract collective of teachers–the â€Å"normative teacher,† using the language of Dunham and Michael (1981, p. 41). An efficacy expectation, in contrast, would be reflected by the teacher's confidence that he or she personally is capable of such instruction, that the individual possesses personal agency with respect to the task of pedagogy. Smile (1988), on the basis of a path analysis, reported that the proportion of low-achieving students in a teacher's classroom had a negative direct effect on personal efficacy.Smile also found that interactions with one's colleagues about instructional matters carried a positive indirect effect on personal efficacy through the intervening variable certainty of practice. And in their study of teacher efficacy and school climate, How and Wolff (Bibb) found that school-level measures of academic emphasis, institutional integrity, and principals influence each correlated with either personal or general efficacy. Among special education resource-room teachers, personal efficacy was sass coated with the perceived utility of instructional supervision (Colloidal & Bred ton, 1991).Teachers' locus of control has influenced teachers' plans to teach or leave the profession (Ferrier, 1987; Rose & Midway, 1981). Ferrier (1987) also indicated that â€Å"motivation is as important as professional skills† Te achers' self-efficacy has been defined as the belief of an individual's ability to teach and motivate students (Gaston & Webb, 1986; Bandeau, 1991, 1997). Research studies show a strong a relationship between a teacher's sense of efficacy and student achievement as well as teacher retention (Bray-Clark & Bates, 2003; Hillman, 1986; Floors, Desman-Operetta, & Statement, 2004; Attachments-Moran, How & How, 1998).If teachers feel that students will follow their instructions or if they develop good rapport with their students, they may be encouraged to pursue teaching as a career. However, teachers may not be so enthusiastic about the profession if they feel frustrated in having to monitor pupil behavior, to deal with a great deal of discipline problems in the classroom, or to teach students who are poorly motivated. Research show that internal locus of controlled individuals, compared to external locus of controlled ones, spend rather more time on intellectual and academic activities a nd their success at school is higher.Internal locus of controlled individuals represent individuals that resist negative off sects on a larger scale, that reacts strongly when their personal freedom is limited, that have an independent personality, and that are impulsive and entrepreneurial (Ye$library, 2004; Ye$library, 1990). Statement of the problem This study is designed to check the control of teachers' on students in public and private schools. Objectives of the study The objectives of the study are to: difference between male and female teaching on students' achievements. Check the effect of rural and urban teachers' on students' success and failure.Research questions What is teacher's locus of control? How teaching methodologies effect on students' performance? How teachers' can control their class regarding curricular and co-curricular activities? Significance of the study This study will be helpful to check the teachers' control over their class. Operational definition of the study The operational definition of the study is to check the teacher's external and internal perception about their students' success and failure regarding teaching methodologies, classroom environment and students' achievements inside the class.Delimitation's of the study The study comprised of public and private schools of Punjab. Ethical consideration The researcher takes the permission letter from the institute for data collection and make sure that no respondent has problem with the data or Data collection process. All data in the study will anonymous, participation will voluntary and no separate data will collect on individuals. Participants will informed that confidentiality will assured and that they have the right to withdraw from the study at any point.Chapter # 3 Methodology Nature of the study The study was quantitative in nature. Population of the study The population of the study was the male and female teachers of public and private schools of Punjab. Data collec tion The researcher collected data through questionnaires from teachers of public and private schools of Punjab personally. Participants The researcher used the convenient sampling technique to collect data from the public and private schools of Punjab. The study was conducted through a survey.The private and public in service teachers were selected in this study. Approximately 167 questionnaires were collected from in service teachers. There were total 167 searchers, 67 male and 100 female most of the teachers were from arts group which were 116 and science teachers were 51 in numbers. The majority of the in service teachers were having the age group of 20 to 30 years old, 40 to 50 years of age group were at the second number while the remaining two groups were at the least level.The number of public schools was 95 and private schools were 72. The urban number of teachers 144 and rural 23 teachers. Measures control of teachers' on students in public and private schools. The close e nded questionnaires were used to explore the teachers' control over their class regarding dents' success and failure. Close Ended Questionnaire The close-ended responses were collected on a 5-point Liker scale and converted into a numerical scale (Strongly agree?I , Agree=2, Neutral=3, Disagree=4, strongly disagree=5).

How Collaborative is Collaborative Writing Personal Statement - 17

How Collaborative is Collaborative Writing - Personal Statement Example Having read the writings of both professionals and fellow students, I reached the conclusion that writings vary in their genre and accordingly style and extent of formality in language. While scholarly writings sound very professional and are very formally written, essays and articles written by my fellow students reflected the sort of language we speak in daily life with each other. I learned that vocabulary has a very important role to play in making an assignment-sound professional. One of the quickest ways that can be employed to supply more information with basic sentence patterns is writing phrases (Jones and Fairness 118). These days, it has become relatively easier to choose weighty words as MS Word gives the option of selecting synonyms for words. The less common a word is spoken in routine language, the more suitable it becomes for inserting in academic writings given it does justice to the context and projects the intended meaning as accurately as possible. Peer and collaborative work were very enjoyable and great learning experience. Collaborative writing can be defined as activities related to the creation of a document by at least two authors. Collaborative components include pre-draft discussions and post-draft debates (Dillon). I learned that people’s ideas and thoughts about a subject are influenced by, and often determined by their cultural and religious affiliations and ethnic origins. Collaborative work is of immense value particularly in the contemporary increasingly multicultural work environment because it encapsulates ideas and opinions coming from a variety of backgrounds and origins. Some assignments required us to review each other’s work and respond accordingly.  

Why does J. A. Fodor think that there must be a language of thought Is Essay

Why does J. A. Fodor think that there must be a language of thought Is he right - Essay Example Specifically, Fodor advanced a notion of a language of thought. Fodor’s Language of Thought Hypothesis (LOTH) states that the thought process occurring in the mind is a symbolic system that parallels a language in structure. Jerry Fodor’s presented LOTH in his aptly titled book The Language of Thought (Fodor 1975). Through an examination the major platforms of the LOTH hypothesis, as well as prominent criticisms, this essay examines the extent that Fodor is successful in articulating the existence of a language of thought. Language of Thought Philosophers have formulated LOTH by considering the multiplicity of thoughts, or propositional attitudes. One can identify propositional attitudes in sentences like ‘A wishes that B’, or ‘A thinks that B’, or ‘A intends that B’. A is the subject of attitude, B is the sentence, and ‘that B’ is the proposition or the object of the attitude. If we say that C stands for verbs like â €˜wishes’, ‘thinks’, and ‘intends’, then the propositional attitude sentences would take the form: ‘A Cs that B’. Therefore, LOTH can be considered as a hypothesis that features how we create propositional attitudes in our ‘mental language’, and how we relate our thought and thinking with them. Our conceptual thinking takes place in a mental representation of language-like structure; however, this is not direct representation of spoken language. Rather, this ‘language of thought’ is a form of representation where the human mind perceives concepts and symbolizes them rather than using words for those concepts. Hence, the mind uses internal forms of representation, different from traditional linguistic ‘words’, to represent these concepts. Still, these symbols combine to form mental sentences, called the propositional attitudes, which are consistent with the grammatical rules of language. This conc eptual thinking has a computational nature that extracts thinking from processing the series of mental symbols according to algorithms. Representational Theory Jerry Fodor specifically implements representational theory in supporting his position (Fodor 1987). According to representational theory, thinking occurs in the form of symbols that are actually the propositional attitudes described earlier (Fodor 1987). While Fodor argues that propositional attitudes should be represented not only as symbols but also as a language, he believes this ‘language of thought’ is different from spoken and written languages like English, French or German (Fodor 1987). Consider the following: ‘I don’t want to eat ladyfingers, so I’d better tell mom to make me French fries.’ According to representational theory, there is a state of a section of this individual’s brain that represents his or her unwillingness to eat ladyfingers (Fodor 1987). There is anot her section of this individual’s brain that represents his or her way of avoiding ladyfingers; namely, to tell their mom to cook something else (Fodor 1987). Thirdly, there is a small piece of brain circuitry that is linking these two states and instigating an action (Fodor 1987). LOTH asserts that the representation of the decision in this example here has to be structured. That is, it has to be structured just like a sentence articulating that decision. Fodor’s LOTH further states that the structure of symbolic representation in the mind and the linguistic representation of that symbolic representation must be related. That is, the structure of the brain state matching the decision of eating French fries will be equivalent to the structure of the sentence articulating the decision. One considers another example: ‘There is a suspicion crossing my mind that a rat is under my bed’

Sacred Texts, Major Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sacred Texts, Major - Essay Example Habel, O'Donoghue, Maddox (1993) say that sacred texts of Islam include the Holy Quran where it holds higher than the primary importance in Islam. The second most important sacred text in Islam is Hadith. Quran holds the highest importance as it is firmly believed that Holy Quran is the word of God and these were the words truly revealed on the last Prophet. Muslim all around the world believe the Holy Quran as the most sacred word of God. Hadith is sacred text that holds an importance secondary to the Holy Quran. Hadith is not just one book in fact this is the compilation of many books representing the sayings of the Last Prophet as well as the sayings of the caliphs in that era including many other followers to Last prophet. Gordon (2002) says that the word Quran in the literal sense means "To recite" when the word is looked out for meanings in Arabic language. The word recite is the first command that was delivered to the Lat Prophet by angel Gabriel. Recitation is the fact strongly associated with the Holy Quran. The Holy Quran not only holds a highest authority in all the religious matters for all the Muslims around the world but Holy Quran has also been holding the first priority for consultation in all legal matters. All Muslims believe firmly that Holy Quran is a complete guide for life which not only has the religious matters and issues complied in one book but also the ways to pas life are also present within the most sacred book. Habel, O'Donoghue, Maddox (1993) discusses that it is resolutely held by all Muslims that Holy Quran is a written word of God which is unblemished thus without any errors being perfect in every sense. It is held that the Holy Quran is a flawless record of all the revelations that had been made by angel Gabriel to the last Prophet. The timeline that has been described in texts for these revelation spans from 610 A.D till 632 A.D. It is said that the length of Quran is approximately the same as Christian New Testament having 114 Surahs. The arrangement of these Surahs is from longest Surah to the shortest Surah. Surahs have been classified as Meccan or Medinan and this depends on the Surah's origin. Message in the Quran is spread by means of some literary frameworks and literary devices. There is Arabic text in Holy Quran which is composed of thematic structures that make the reader recall the message. As the text of Holy Quran is considered to be perfect so many scholars regard the Holy text to be the criteria to teach Arabic language. The literary readers believe that Quran has the most rhymed sequence of Arabic language. Moreover the verses of the Holy Quran reflect directness, intimacy thereby asking the reader the same question as to what will be of value after this life. Functions in community Gordon (2002) says that the Muslim community regards the Holy Quran as the word of God and thereby it is the only reliable word to follow to make the dealings in life. Muslims believe that the sacred word has the solution to every problem in life thereby recitation of the Holy Quran can lead to solutions. All the social and the legal issues are considered to be solved by consulting the Holy Quran. Significant features of Muslim tradition Here in this

Equity and trusts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Equity and trusts - Essay Example pective of property relations such that even if married couples lived together in a property owned by one of them prior to the marriage and used the same as family home after the marriage the law does not deem the newcomer as a part owner of such property. Albeit the courts enjoy wide discretion under the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1973 to distribute the properties between divorced husband and wife, a declaration dividing the matrimonial home equally between the ex-spouses cannot be made ipso facto because courts usually take into account legalities and legal requirements in adjudicating such property. Thus, in Pettitt v Pettitt [1970] AC 777 HL, the Court declared that the husband has no equitable interest in the couple’s family home despite the fact that he contributed labour and money in the improvement of the property. The Court held that the wife is the legal and equitable owner of the property because she used her own money in its purchase. This decision was held despite the fact that the husband relied on the provision of s 17 of the Married Women’s Property Act 1882, which allowed the Court discretion to distribute properties between contending husbands and wives. In another interesting case, Lloyds Bank v Rosset [1991] 1 AC 107, [1991] All ER 1111, a married couple purchased a farmhouse out of family funds. The sellers, however, insisted that the purchase should be made in the name of the husband alone but the wife had a significant role in supervising the extensive repairs over the property. The family funds, however, were not enough to pay for the entire purchase price of the property and the husband, without the knowledge of the wife, sought loan from a bank and secured the same with a legal charge over the property. When the payments for the loans defaulted, the bank moved to foreclose the property over the objection of the wife who claimed beneficial interest over it. The Court disagreed holding that the wife had no beneficial interest over it

Degrees of Homicide Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Degrees of Homicide - Assignment Example dad saw the kidnapper the next day in an interview and in sudden rage, the dad grabbed a revolver from a nearby officer and killed the kidnapper (â€Å"Manslaughter†). Another example is when Dan comes home to find his wife in bed with Victor. In the heat of the moment, Dan picks up a golf club from next to the bed and strikes Victor in the head, killing him instantly (â€Å"Manslaughter: Voluntary†). Involuntary manslaughter involves the death of a human being, but without the intent required for murder, comprising elements such as (1) the killing of another human being was unintentional; (2) the death occurred either during the commission of an unlawful act not amounting to a felony or as the result of criminal negligence; and (3) the defendant’s unlawful act or negligence caused the death (Wallace 8). For instance: two kids were street-racing, one lost control and hit a crowd of spectators. Two of the spectators were killed. The one who lost control was charged with involuntary manslaughter (â€Å"Manslaughter†). Another picture is when a driver is running a red light and then crashing into another car, which kills the other driver (â€Å"When†). Negligent manslaughter is a new type of homicide that the Model Penal Code developed in response to the fact that the voluntary and involuntary manslaughter are difficult to apply in certain situations. It is the unintentional killing of another human being caused by the negligence of the defendant including elements that (1) the killing of another human being was unintentional; (2) the death resulted from a negligent act by the defendant; and (3) the defendant’s negligence caused the death (Wallace 8). A case of negligent manslaughter is: D, an anaesthetist, failed to observe during an eye operation that the tube inserted in V’s mouth had become detached from the ventilator, causing V to suffer a cardiac arrest and eventually die (â€Å"Cases†). A different circumstance is when D pointed a gun at V, without

Critical Thinking to Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Thinking to Decision Making - Essay Example The paper "critical thinking" describes the importance and benefits of critical thinking by making decisions. Critical thinking is necessary in the academic field so a understand arguments made by others and their beliefs. It allows one to evaluate, analyze and explain arguments and beliefs thereby reducing the risk of acting on or adopting a false belief. It also allows one effectively defend his/her own beliefs through well-supported arguments. With a focus on critical thinking skills and intellectual traits, critical thinking can be used to identify misinformation, bias, distortion and self-deception; thus allowing one to make the right decisions regardless of surrounding factors. For instance, students can make sound decisions regarding course majors by considering their beliefs and basing their arguments on logical conclusions drawn from evaluating available information. The students, through critical thinking, should also be able to defend their decision by presenting an amicab le argument. In addition, critical thinking skills help medical personnel in the examination and diagnosis of ailments in patients. Through critical thinking skills, they can question, evaluate, and analyze available data to make a conclusive decision about the situation faced by their patients to provide the appropriate medical care. Critical thinking in health care is applied by collecting information from the patient and correlating it with existing theories and practices and challenging them to provide diagnosis.

John Calvin and the Protestant Reformation Essay Example for Free

John Calvin and the Protestant Reformation Essay This paper is devoted to the period of Protestant Reformation in France and the key figure of this process- John Calvin. John Calvin was a Protestant theologian and the developer of the famous Calvinism theology as a system of Christian church. He is well known for his written works and his teachings, but not many know about his role played in Michael Servetus’s execution. These and some other issues will be discussed in this research. John Calvin was born under the name of Jean Chauvin in Picardie, in France. His father sent him to Paris in 1523 to get ready for the priesthood. There Calvin studied in College de la Marche and then in College de Montaigu till 1528. As he was doing quite well in ecclesiastics, he gained the chaplaincy and the curacy of Saint Martin de Martheville from his native city (Tracy, 1999). In 1529 Calvin resigned chaplaincy for the benefit of his younger brother, but however two years later he resumed and was holding it till 1534 (Gordon, 2002). Calvin proved to be a good student, but his father, who by the year 1528 had problems in relations with the ecclesiastic authorities in Noyon, took a decision, that his son should study law instead. John didn’t argue and went to Orleans, to study law at the university there. In a year he moved to another university and took classes of Andrea Alciati. During his studies at both universities Calvin was very much under the impact of Melchior Wolmar, who was a leader of humanist ranks and was a supporter of Reformation ideas. When in 1531 the father of Calvin died, he had to come back to Paris and take up study of Hebrew. In 1532 John spent another year in Orleans as a student of law again. In spring of the same year he paid his own money for publishing the text of Seneca’s De Clementia, adding his commentary. This was a confirmation of his humanistic views in connection with the Roman Church. At the same time the ideas of Reformation were rapidly spread in France, Calvin however was moving step by step to his position, he wrote in his commentary to Psalms that he â€Å"was too obstinately devoted to the superstitions of popery to be easily extricated from so profound an abyss of mire. (Barth, 1995). One of his friends, who also shared the ideas of Reformation, was Nicolas Cop. When he became the rector of Paris University, they decided to use the chance to present their comments concerning the Reformation in front of cultured and intelligent audience. In November 1533 Cop held a speech in the Church of the Mathurins, which they gave the title â€Å"Christian Philosophy†, meaning the Gospel. The relation, he built between Law and Gospel, was closely connected to the ideas of Luther. The final part of the speech was however independent and more concentrated on the one of the features of Calvinism, namely – salvation. The speech had all chances to produce a vivid impression on the audience and to attract supporters, but Cop spoke negatively about the hierologists of Sorbonne and called them â€Å"sophists†. This certainly caused their indignation, they sought for support from the government, and Cop had to escape. Calvin followed him due to their known close relation, but risked to return very soon. He couldn’t get rid of his fears, that his support of Reformation ideas could be followed by imprisonment, like it was the case with some other reformers. He decided to become a wanderer in 1534, all the time changing his name. Two and a half years he was going from place to place, was imprisoned in Noyon, visited Paris, where he met Servetus for the first time. In Orleans he published his Psychopannychia, confutation of the theory about sleeping soul between death and the Last Judgment (Gordon, 2002). In 1535 Calvin visited Strasburg under the name of Basel. There he finished his Institutes of the Christian Religion, about the book he wrote: My objects were, first, to vindicate my brethren whose death was precious in the sight of the Lord; and next that, as the same cruelties might very soon after be exercised against many unhappy individuals, foreign nations might be touched with at least some compassion toward them and solicitude about them. † (Barth, 1995). After he had published this work, he worked in Ferrara in the court of Duchess Renee. A year later he met his younger brother Antoine and his half-sister Marie in Paris. He traveled with them to Strasburg, but because of the war, had to go to Geneva, planning to remain only one night there. But Farel Guillaume, one of the like-minded persons, convinced him to stay there. Two years he spent at the side of Farel, but still the city could not stand the significant reforms offered by the Reformers and on Easter Monday in 1538 they both were ordered to leave the city. Calvin traveled to Strasburg, where he became minister to the French refugees in the Church of St. Nicolas (Brady, 1994). Two years later he married Idelette de Bure, widow of Jean Stordeur of Liege, an Anabaptist, whom Calvin managed to turn into pedobabtist. They had a son, who lived only several days. Idelette de Bure died in 1549 and Calvin never married for the second time. Calvin didn’t have the plans to return to Geneva as his financial situation was rather poor at that moment, but very soon he got the opportunity to improve his position. In Strasburg he managed to practice the reform, which he could not launch in Geneva, and his fame started to grow very quickly. He received an offer to come out with a course of cathedral lectures. In 1539 Cardinal Jacopo Sadoleto sent a letter to Geneva, asking for it to be returned to Roman obedience and Bern government gave the right to answer to Calvin. There were serious changes in the government of Geneva, and as a result the friends if Calvin won the power in the city. For the second time Calvin followed the arguments of Farel and went to Geneva. He knew perfectly, that there were a lot of his enemies, and that not everybody was ready to support him, but his faith in God was his major support. The government prepared a house for him and a corresponding salary. His work in Geneva started, the city turned into his main, but not the only one, center of activity. Geneva was a place, that gathered a lot of refugees from Holland, Italy, England, Spain, who were ready to listen and to support the ideas of Calvin. Also a number of students visited his lectures. His fame was growing, and more and more people were standing by him. At the age of fifty-five he died because of a disease. For Geneva he left one hundred and seventy dollar, faith, education and reconstructed government. Calvin chose Apostle’s Creed as the basis for his ideas, at the same time closely relating theology and ethics. Calvin’s reformation was practical, with the strongest emphasis on the doctrine of predestination; he tried to teach people of the city to refer to it as a cornerstone of the Christian faith. Opposed to lenient views concerning grace and sin, propagated by the Roman Church, the Augustinian doctrine recovered in his words. Calvin did his best to change the face of Protestantism, as he managed to address openly and directly the matters, which other reformers didn’t know or didn’t want to discuss (Brady, 1994). His main target was the proper organization of the church governance and social organization of the church in the city. He was said to be the first politic leader, who was able to build the social organization based on biblical principles. He brought very significant innovation, namely by incorporating church into the government of the city (Cameron, 1991). In the middle of 1550s the structure of Geneva was changed completely in accordance to Calvin’s ideas. As a result Geneva became the most important center of Protestantism in Europe and attracted the persecuted refugees from other countries. The branch of Calvin’s reforms became the prevalent branch of Protestantism from the seventeenth century. Calvin had the same problems as Luther with Anabaptists. On the 16-17 of March in 1537 he had a public meeting with them, and using his strong argumentation disposed of their ideas, as confirmed by Council of Two Hundred. Along with a great number of supporters Calvin had his opponents as well. Calvin played a very important role in the execution of Michael Servetus – â€Å"the Spanish physician, radical reformer (Anabaptist), and unitarian. † (Gordon, 2002). In 1531 Servetus published his ideas denouncing the Trinity, which was the key doctrine Catholics and Protestants could agree about. Three years later Calvin agreed to meet Servetus in person in Paris, Servetus however didn’t appear. From 1546 till 1548 they exchanged letters, trying to convince each other, but finally Calvin had to stop the correspondence, as it was growing more and more rancorous. In 1553 Servetus was sentenced to death in absentia by Inquisition in Spain for spreading heresy. Calvin provided very important evidences to support the conviction. Servetus escaped from the prison, but was again arrested in Geneva on the initiative of Calvin. This time he was sentenced to burning on a stake, which took place in 1553. Then Servetus was buried together with the copy of his last work De Trinitatis Erroribus. Servetus was the only one, who was sentenced to death for his religious beliefs during the lifetime of Calvin, and there is finally no agreement about the correctness of Calvin’s actions concerning this issue. Hundreds of years later modern Calvinists do not support the actions of Calvin towards Servetus. Nowadays persecution, and what is more death sentence for religious beliefs and positions, seems to be barbarous. Calvin was certainly not the only reformer. The ideas of Calvin and Farel were really close, but Farel was a missionary, a preacher and not theologian or even less a statesman. Calvin, being French would probably not be able to spread his influence so successfully either in Zurich or in Wittenberg, as Zwingli and Luther did it. Calvin was much younger than Luther and Zwingli and had an advantage of having a good foundation for spreading his ideas. He managed to build a system based on their new ideas. He proved to be better organizer and better thinker, at the same time lacking their genius and activity. His life was not as dramatic as those of Luther or Zwingli; he didn’t possess that genial humor or was able to raise popular enthusiasm. And still he remained the most influential Reformer of the Protestant Church. References: Barth, K. (1995). The Theology of John Calvin, tr. by G. W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans. Brady, T. (1994). Handbook of European History, 1400–1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation. Leiden and New York. Breen, Q. (1968). John Calvin: A Study in French Humanism. Cameron, E. (1991). The European Reformation. Oxford and New York. Gordon, B. (2002). The Swiss Reformation. Manchester, U. K. , and New York. Tracy, J. (1999). Europes Reformations, 1450–1650. Lanham, Md.

Commercial Law Flow Charts and Notes Essay Example for Free

Commercial Law Flow Charts and Notes Essay You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour- Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question Donoghue v Stevenson Neighbour Principle: You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour- Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question Donoghue v Stevenson Reasonable Person Test individual action or failure to act as a reasonably prudent person would under similar circumstances, resulting in harm to another Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co (1856) Papatonakis v Australian Telecommunications Commission (1985) That it is appropriate for the negligent person’s liability to extend to the harm so caused This was stated in Section 5D of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) and is consistent with the case of Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Moubarak Other Tests: for a causal link to exist these elements must be satisfied: iii. Negligence was a necessary condition for the occurrence of the harm iv. That it is appropriate for the negligent person’s liability to extend to the harm so caused This was stated in Section 5D of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) and is consistent with the case of Adeels Palace.